Killing Measure:::
TKO - Taylor Knock Out formula - = B.W.(gr) * vel * Diameter / 7000
Velocity (muzzle and @ target)
Sectional Density - bullet weight(gr) / 7000 / diameter(in) / diameter(in) = sectional density
Ballistic Coeffecient
Energy - bullet weight(gr) * vel^2 / 7000 / 64.32 (int) or vel^2 * B.W.(gr) /450400 (US)
Momentum
Caliber diameter
Bullet weight
Bullet length
Bullet volume
Bullet outermaterial
Bullet density
Bullet retension (fall apart or punch through)
Projectile Construction
% Expansion
Bullet Nose
Bullet Tail
Shot Placement
Distance from point of aim to point of impact
Rifling Twist - bullet rotation rate
Deer height
Deer width
Deer Age
Deer weight
Buck Antlers (green score & # of points)
thickness of hide
total thickness of bones incountered before vitals
deer movement - lying, standing, stepping, walking, trotting, running, full sprint
Time till drop
Time till death
Distance run from 1st shot
Temperature
Time of Day
Date
# of deer you prevously shot
Distance to deer
Angle of shot
If using a scope what magnifaction
chambering
Rifle Action
# of follow-up shots
Impact Force
Pressure of Impact - = force/(pi*diameter^2/4) where force = bullet grains *vel^2 / (7000 * thinkness of hide(ft))
Effectiveness Factor = vel^2 * S.D. * diameter / 7000
Downrange Termination Score = sqrt( E.F. * B.W. / 2 ) = sqrt
the .5 or 1/2 is for bullet construction of new projectiles it could be .6
Killing Power Formula Chuck Hawks - = Energy *S.D.* Bullet front Area or energy*BW
Hydrostatic Shock - = velocity * frontal Area * % expansion
Optimal Game Weight Formula - = vel^3 * B.W.^2 * 1.5x10^P where P is -12 or -13 for varmint bullets Edward Matunas formula. suggest 25% upsize
Dwell Time - deer thickness / velocity
Energy per Pound
bullet volume per dwell time
Very Popular Rifle Cartridge
.270 Winchester - optimum long range caliber
.308 Winchester - ditto, eminently sensible cartridges for short action - (top 5 of sales) - US army development from .30 salvage to replace the .30-06
.30-06 - eminently sensible cartridges for long action - big game - Springfield very popular (EU sales leader)
.30-30 - best known and perhaps the most sensible deer cartridge (NA sales leader) big game
Sensible Rifle Cartridges
7mm (.27559inch)(.284cal) #7 in sales, most popular US belted cartridge "Long Range Power"
.223 Remington - USA and NATO as a standard military round. Ammunition is widely distributed and inexpensive. The .223 (5.56mm NATO) is #2 on most sales lists and the top selling .22 centerfire rifle cartridge in the world.
6.5x55 Swede (.2559inch) - Most owners of modern 6.5x55 rifles do choose to reload their own ammunition. impressed with its mild recoil and report, fine accuracy, and outstanding killing power. Killing power far in excess of that normally expected for what is, after all, a fairly small caliber.
.338 Federal - introduced by Federal Cartridge in 2006 and is the first cartridge to bear the Federal name. It is based on the .308 Winchester case necked-up to accept .338" bullets. The .338 Federal is perhaps the most sensible of all currently produced medium bore cartridges, and it is adaptable to nearly all modern centerfire rifles.
The sectional density (SD) of a .264" bullet weighing 120 grains is .247! That is well in excess of the .205 or so recommended for deer size game, and approximately equivalent to the 165 grain .30 caliber bullet. That is widely considered to be the "all-around" bullet for .30 caliber rifles
Rifle accurcy needs to be 2 MOA (Min. Of Angle) 2" or better. less 1.5 ideal but nothing less than that is justifible in the field at a higher cost. spread is @ 100yds
The best stoppers seem to be medium and big bore rifles firing bullets of good sectional density (SD). When it comes to hunting other dangerous game, two models stand out. They are the (new model) Marlin 1895 (.45-70 and .450 Marlin) and Browning BLR (.300 Win. Mag. and .450 Marlin).
Stock fit is most important in picking brand
Bolt action - notice angle of rotation and height 60° or 90° and is pull length actable
references of Chuck Hawks
Info on the ammunation from above that isn't too small
.270 Winchester designed in 1923 and produced from 1925 to present
| Parent case |
.30-06 |
| Bullet diameter |
.277 in (7.04 mm) |
| Neck diameter |
.278 in (7.06 mm) |
| Shoulder diameter |
.441 in (11.2 mm) |
| Base diameter |
.470 in (11.94 mm) |
| Rim diameter |
.473 in (12.01 mm) |
| Case length |
2.540 in (64.52 mm) |
| Overall length |
3.340 in (84.84 mm) |
| Rifling twist |
1-10 |
| Primer type |
Large rifle |
flat shooting, but not for large or dangerous animals, 7mm took popularity in rest of world, while the .270 Win was admired for Made in USA
7mm Reminton
| The 20th Century's Top Rifle Cartridge |
 |
By Layne Simpson, Field Editor, Shooting Times.
other infor on cartiage selection
|
The 12 Greatest
20th-Century
Rifle Cartridges
(Listed In Order Of Introduction) |
|
Cartridge |
Year Of
Introduction |
| .30-06 Springfield |
1906 |
| .375 H&H Magnum |
1912 |
| .270 Winchester |
1925 |
| .220 Swift |
1935 |
.300 Weatherby
Magnum |
1948 |
| .222 Remington |
1950 |
| .308 Winchester |
1952 |
| .243 Winchester |
1955 |
.458 Winchester
Magnum |
1956 |
.338 Winchester
Magnum |
1958 |
7mm Remington
Magnum |
1962 |
| 6mm PPC |
1975 |
Ratings for ammo come in 3 froms Velocity, Energy, and TKO (Taylor Kill Over Power)
2000fps common considered a minimum
13+ for TKO minimum
and 1000 ft*lb minimum
Velocity has the most effect on accuracy because of the amount the bullet will drop in time
Energy at the muzzle directly relates to recoil felt by the user because of equal and opposite forces to push the bullet out
TKO is the effectiveness of the bullet when it hits the target. The largest diameter hole punched through the animal the quickest.
Recoil - Free Discharge Energy
20lb - certain flinch
15lb - limit of general comfort
10lb - limit for lots of shooting
The recoil energy and recoil velocity figures are taken from various sources including the recoil nomograph in the Handloader's Digest 8th Edition, various online recoil calculators, or calculated from the formula given in the Lyman Reloading Handbook, 43rd Edition. The formula is:
E = 1/2 (Wr / 32) (Wb x MV + 4700 x Wp / 7000 x Wr)squared.
Where E = recoil Energy in ft. lbs., Wr = Weight of rifle in pounds, Wb = Weight of bullet in grains, MV = Muzzle Velocity of bullet in feet-per-second, Wp = Weight of powder in grains.
| Cartridge (Wb@MV) |
Rifle Weight |
Recoil energy |
Recoil velocity |
| .17 HMR (17 at 2550) |
7.5 |
0.2 |
n/a |
| .204 Ruger (33 at 4225) |
8.5 |
2.6 |
4.4 |
| .22 LR (40 at 1165) |
4.0 |
0.2 |
n/a |
| .22 WMR (40 at 1910) |
6.75 |
0.4 |
n/a |
| .22 Hornet (45 at 2800) |
7.5 |
1.3 |
3.3 |
| .222 Rem. (50 at 3200) |
7.5 |
3.0 |
5.1 |
| .223 Rem. (55 at 3200) |
8.0 |
3.2 |
5.1 |
| .223 Rem. (62 at 3025) |
7.0 |
3.9 |
6.0 |
| .22-250 Rem. (55 at 3600) |
8.5 |
4.7 |
6.0 |
| .220 Swift (55 at 3800) |
8.5 |
5.3 |
6.4 |
| .223 WSSM (55 at 3850) |
7.5 |
6.4 |
7.4 |
| .243 Win. (75 at 3400) |
8.5 |
7.2 |
7.4 |
| .243 Win. (100 at 2960) |
7.5 |
8.8 |
8.7 |
| 6mm Rem. (100 at 3100) |
8.0 |
10.0 |
9.0 |
| .243 WSSM (100 at 3100) |
7.5 |
10.1 |
9.3 |
| .240 Wby. Mag. (100 at 3406) |
8.0 |
17.9 |
n/a |
| .25-35 Win. (117 at 2230) |
6.5 |
7.0 |
8.3 |
| .250 Savage (100 at 2900) |
7.5 |
7.8 |
8.2 |
| .257 Roberts (120 at 2800) |
8.0 |
10.7 |
9.3 |
| .25 WSSM (120 at 2990) |
7.25 |
13.8 |
11.1 |
| .25-06 Rem. (120 at 3000) |
8.0 |
12.5 |
10.0 |
| .257 Wby. Mag. (120 at 3300) |
9.25 |
15.1 |
10.3 |
| 6.5x55 Swede (140 at 2650) |
9.0 |
10.6 |
8.7 |
| .260 Rem. (120 at 2860) |
7.5 |
13.0 |
10.6 |
| 6.5mm-284 Norma (140 at 2920) |
8.0 |
14.7 |
10.9 |
| 6.5mm Rem. Mag. (120 at 3100) |
8.0 |
13.1 |
10.3 |
| 6.5x68 S (140 at 2990) |
8.5 |
16.8 |
11.3 |
| .264 Win. Mag. (140 at 3200) |
8.5 |
19.2 |
12.1 |
| 6.8mm Rem. SPC (115 at 2625) |
7.5 |
8.0 |
8.3 |
| .270 Win. (130 at 3140) |
8.0 |
16.5 |
n/a |
| .270 Win. (150 at 2900) |
8.0 |
17.0 |
11.7 |
| .270 WSM (150 at 3000) |
8.0 |
18.9 |
12.3 |
| .270 Wby. Mag. (150 at 3000) |
9.25 |
17.8 |
11.1 |
| 7x57 Mauser (139 at 2800) |
8.0 |
14.0 |
10.6 |
| 7mm-08 Rem. (140 at 2860) |
8.0 |
12.6 |
10.1 |
| 7x64 (154 at 2850) |
8.0 |
17.9 |
n/a |
| .280 Rem. (140 at 3000) |
8.0 |
17.2 |
11.8 |
| 7mm Rem. SAUM (160 at 2931) |
8.0 |
21.5 |
13.2 |
| 7mm WSM (160 at 3000) |
8.0 |
21.9 |
13.3 |
| 7mm Rem. Mag. (150 at 3100) |
8.5 |
19.2 |
12.1 |
| 7mm Wby. Mag. (140 at 3300) |
9.25 |
19.5 |
11.7 |
| 7mm STW (160 at 3185) |
8.5 |
27.9 |
14.6 |
| 7mm Ultra Mag. (160 at 3200) |
8.5 |
29.4 |
n/a |
| .30 Carbine (110 at 1990) |
7.0 |
3.5 |
5.7 |
| .30-30 Win. (150 at 2400) |
7.5 |
10.6 |
9.5 |
| .30-30 Win. (170 at 2200) |
7.5 |
11.0 |
9.7 |
| .300 Sav. (150 at 2630) |
7.5 |
14.8 |
n/a |
| .307 Win. (150 at 2600) |
7.5 |
13.7 |
10.9 |
| .308 Marlin Express (160 at 2660) |
8.0 |
13.4 |
10.4 |
| .308 Win. (150 at 2800) |
7.5 |
15.8 |
11.7 |
| .308 Win. (180 at 2610) |
8.0 |
17.5 |
11.9 |
| .30-06 Spfd. (150 at 2910) |
8.0 |
17.6 |
11.9 |
| .30-06 Spfd. (180 at 2700) |
8.0 |
20.3 |
12.8 |
| .300 Rem. SAUM (180 at 2960) |
8.25 |
23.5 |
13.6 |
| .300 WSM (180 at 2970) |
8.25 |
23.8 |
13.6 |
| .300 Win. Mag. (180 at 2960) |
8.5 |
25.9 |
14.0 |
| .300 Wby. Mag. (150 at 3400) |
9.25 |
24.6 |
13.1 |
| .300 Ultra Mag. (180 at 3230) |
8.5 |
32.8 |
15.8 |
| 7.62x39 Soviet (125 at 2350) |
7.0 |
6.9 |
8.0 |
| 7.62x54R Russian (174 at 2600) |
9.0 |
15.0 |
10.4 |
| .303 British (180 at 2420) |
8.0 |
15.4 |
11.1 |
| .32 Spec. (170 at 2250) |
7.0 |
12.2 |
10.6 |
| 8x57 Mauser (170 at 2360) |
8.0 |
12.9 |
n/a |
| .325 WSM (180 at 3060) |
7.5 |
33.1 |
16.9 |
Consideration of the very Minimum.
7mm-08 is current pick because of flatness and very low recoil(12.6lb @ 10.1ft/sec).
But some others of very small to be discussed
.22 swift - discouraged on most ranches and illegal for use in some states and provances for large game such as deer and sheep. Only for hunting fox, rabbit and other small game.
6mm remenington - a mm smaller bullet than 7mm-08 putting under the .25 minimum clean kill limit of some states for large game
.25-35 Win. - (7lb @ 8.3ft/sec) - based on the 30-30 and introduced in 1895 by winchester for level action rifles of the same year. this round is good for medium deer inside of 100yds or small preditors. It has considerable drop and is slow enough to be considered obsolete.
.250 Savage - (7.8 @ 8.2ft/sec) - minimum in some states and provances which require .25 minimum for big game. Also listed on some sites as obsolete.
cartridge created by Charles Newton in 1915
.257 Roberts- (10.7 @ 9.3ft/sec)- Ned Roberts wildcated this cartiage which Remington tweaked and took to market. One of americas best varment rounds and flat to 3inchs inside of 300yds with 2460fps at 200yds from a p+ .257 roberts cartiage. can have couple feet of drop by 400yds. In up close hunting velocity is high enough for most all North American game, but the caliber is way too small for dangerous game. It has mostly been replaced by smaller for varment shooting and larger for big game hunting. Not standard chambering in current mass produced rifles.
.25-06 Rem.- (12.5lb@ 10ft/sec) - minimum caliber and more uncommon than the 7mm-08 which shares an almost identical kick.
6.5x55 Swede -(10.6 @ 8.7ft/s) - discussed as a sensible global cartiage above, large enough to be legal but some consider a small bullet. 1894 design for Swede military but the Swedish haven't had a war to use it in for 200 years.
6.8mm Rem SPC -(8 @ 8.3ft/s) - (8.8ft*lb by rem. as recoil) - .37 ballistic cofficent which is good but not the .5 excellent some SST 7mm bullets can do. Primary criticism of the 6.8 mm round has centered around its poor long-range (greater than 300 m) performance compared to the NATO standard 7.62 mm or the competing
6.5 Grendel round
quick comparision
.223 cal = 5.56mm
.243 cal = 6mm
.264 cal = 6.5mm
.28 cal = 7mm
.30 cal = 7.62mm
.38 cal = 9mm
infor on most popular .25's